卫生保健免疫常见问题
什么是抗体滴度?
An antibody titer is a laboratory test that measures the 水平 of antibodies in a blood sample. 的 免疫球蛋白 titer is a blood test that determines whether you have immunity to certain diseases by measuring your antibody 水平 to those diseases. 如果你曾经患过此病或接种过此病疫苗, 你很可能通过阳性滴度显示出免疫的证据, 或抗体, 水平. 一个积极的 免疫球蛋白 滴度结果可用于代替大多数免疫记录. 的 免疫球蛋白 MMR和水痘都需要滴度.
以下抗体滴度测试可用:
- MMR(麻疹/风疹、腮腺炎、风疹)
- 乙型肝炎
- 水痘/水痘
- 破伤风
- 白喉QuantiFERON-TB金血试验(替代皮肤试验/ x射线)
- 小儿麻痹症
- 百日咳
疫苗中使用了哪些防腐剂?
硫柳汞, a mercury-containing organic compound which is approximately 50% mercury by weight, 一直是疫苗中使用最广泛的防腐剂之一. 硫柳汞 has been widely used as a preservative in a number of biological and drug products, 包括很多疫苗, to help prevent potentially life threatening contamination with harmful microbes. 然而, 硫柳汞 has been removed from or reduced to trace amounts in all vaccines routinely recommended for children 6 years of age and younger, 除灭活流感疫苗外, a preservative-free version of the inactivated influenza vaccine (contains trace amounts of thimerosal) is available in limited supply. 一些疫苗,如Td, 哪一种适用于年龄较大的儿童(≥7岁)和成人, are also now available in formulations that are free of thimerosal or contain only trace amounts. Vaccines with trace amounts of thimerosal contain 1 microgram or less of mercury per dose. http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/SafetyAvailability/VaccineSafety/UCM096228
A student’s refusal to obtain the required vaccinations due to the presence of 硫柳汞 is not a recognized excuse or exception. All students must prove the required immunizations by either proof of a positive titer or an immunization record (see declination or waiver information below).
我可以使用拒绝或放弃所需的免疫接种吗?
学院不提供豁免或拒绝任何免疫接种, 除了狂犬疫苗. 然而, some of our clinical affiliates may allow for the use of a waiver or declination under certain circumstances. 的se circumstances include, but are not limited to, medical reasoning and religious reasoning. You MUST check with your program manager to verify whether or not the facility that you will be attending will allow for your circumstances. 医学推理, 包括医生的建议, does not automatically guarantee that you will be given a waiver or declination ability. 进一步, if you have obtained a waiver/declination from one facility and then are rotating into a different facility, 该弃权/拒绝将在新设施无效.
乙型肝炎常见问题
什么是乙肝?
乙型肝炎是由乙型肝炎病毒引起的一种肝脏感染. 这是一种血液传播疾病,可能非常严重.
它对我有什么影响?
乙型肝炎引起类似流感的疾病,并伴有食欲不振, 恶心想吐, 呕吐, 皮疹, 关节疼痛, 和黄疸. 的 virus stays in the liver of some people for the rest of their lives and can result in severe liver diseases, 包括致命的癌症.
Can a patient receive the first dose of 乙型肝炎 vaccine from one manufacturer and subsequent doses from another manufacturer?
是的. No differences in immune response are observed when vaccines from different manufacturers are used to complete the vaccine series.
如果在两剂乙肝疫苗之间有中断, 是否需要重新启动疫苗系列?
否,不需要重新启动系列.
- 如果疫苗系列在第一剂后中断, 第二剂应尽快注射.
- 的 second and third doses should be separated by an interval of at least 8 weeks.
- If only the third dose is delayed, it should be administered as soon as possible.
Is it harmful to administer an extra dose(s) of Hepatitis A or 乙型肝炎 vaccine or to repeat the entire vaccine series if documentation of vaccination history is unavailable?
No. If necessary, administering extra doses of Hepatitis A or 乙型肝炎 vaccine is not harmful.
乙肝疫苗能否与其他疫苗同时接种?
是的. When 乙型肝炎 vaccine has been administered at the same time as other vaccines, no interference with the antibody response of the other vaccines has been demonstrated. Separate body sites and syringes should be used for simultaneous administration of injectable vaccines.
乙型肝炎疫苗的保护作用持续多久?
Studies indicate that immunologic memory remains intact for at least 20 years among healthy vaccinated individuals who initiated 乙型肝炎 vaccination >6 months of age. 的 vaccine confers long-term protection against clinical illness and chronic 乙型肝炎 virus infection. Cellular immunity appears to persist even though antibody 水平s might become low or decline below detectable 水平s. 在出生时开始接种乙肝疫苗的接种人群中, long-term follow-up studies are ongoing to determine the duration of vaccine-induced immunity.
哪些人应该接种乙肝疫苗,什么时候接种?
儿童和青少年:
- Babies normally get 3 doses of hepatitis B vaccine: Some babies might get 4 doses, 例如, 如果使用含有乙型肝炎的联合疫苗. (这是一针含有几种疫苗的疫苗.额外的剂量是无害的.
- Anyone through 18 years of age who didn't get the vaccine when they were younger should also be vaccinated.
成人:
- 所有有乙型肝炎感染风险的未接种疫苗的成年人都应接种疫苗. Adults getting hepatitis B vaccine should get 3 doses — Your doctor can tell you about other dosing schedules that might be used in certain circumstances.
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/hcp/vis/vis-statements/hep-b.pdf
http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/adults/rec-vac/hcw.html